Unit 2: Advanced Basics

Section 3: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

* Introduction
* Redox Basics
* Assigning Oxidation Numbers - Examples
* Terms Used In Redox Reactions
* Balancing Redox Reactions

Introduction

Oxidation-reduction reactions are the final type of reactions that we will
concern ourselves with. Oxidation-reduction reactions are also called redox
reactions, and involve the transfer of electons. Below are two examples of
redox reactions.

Examples

1. K + F2 ==> KF
2. CO2 + H2 ==> CO + H2O

Redox Basics

In example 1 the reaction is obviously ionic and is considered a redox
reaction because there is a transfer of electrons, but in example 2, where
is the transfer of electrons? To understand this we must first look at the
oxidation states of each element. The oxidation states are numbers that
allow us to keep track of the electrons in each element. To do this there
are more rules. These rules are called the rules for assigning oxidations
states.

Assigning Oxidation Numbers - Examples

1. HCl - H is given a +1 so Cl must be given a -1
2. O2 - has an oxidation number of 0
3. SO3 - O is assigned as -2 so S must be +6

Now lets look at example 2. The oxidation number of carbon in CO2 is +4 and
the oxidation number of carbon in CO is +2. Carbon's oxidation number
decreases by 2. Also the oxidation number of hydrgen in H2 is 0 and the
oxidation number of hydrogen in H2O is +1. Hydrogen is increasing by 1. The
transfer of electrons is why this is an redox reaction.

Terms Used in Redox Reactions

In redox reactions there are a few terms that we must review. The first is
oxidation. Oxidation is the increase in oxidation numbers. Reduction is
exactly the opposite. It is the reduction in oxidation numbers. The
oxidizing agent is the element that is reduced and the reducing agent is the
element that is oxidized.

In example 2, CO2 is being reduced. It is also the oxidizing agent. H2 is
being oxidized and is the reducing agent.

Balancing Redox Reactions

It is important to balance redox reactions because if a reaction is
producing 2 electrons then that same reaction must be using 2 electrons. For
example, in example 2, 2 electrons are being produced by the carbon and only
1 of them are being used up the by the hydrogen. This is not even so this is
why redox reactions must be balanced.

To balance redox reactions there are a few steps to follow.

1. Write down the complete reaction
2. Assign oxidation number to each element
3. Determine which element is being reduced and draw a line below the
reaction to its pair on the products side
4. Detemine which element is being oxidized and draw a line above the
reaction to its pair on the products side
5. Write the number of electrons being reduced on the line drawn in step 3
6. Write the number of electrons being oxidized on the line drawn in step 4
7. Determine the least common multiple of the numbers written in steps 5 & 6
8. Take the least common multiple (determined in step 7) and divide it by
the number of electrons being reduced (determined in step 5) and that
number is the coefficient for the substances that the line connects
9. Take the least common multiple (determined in step 7) and divide it by
the number of electrons being oxidized (determined in step 6) and that
number is the coefficient for the substances that the line connects
10. Check the equation to make sure it is balanced and if it isn't then
balance it through the normal methods